Abstract—The present paper concerns the protection of submarine infrastructures, i.e. submarine cables. After giving an overview over the applicable legal framework, the paper addresses problems
Abstract Cyberspace is now acknowledged not only as the newest domain of warfare, but also as a space vital to economic, educational and cultural development for all States. This thin
The central issue before the Helsinki District Court was whether Finland had criminal jurisdiction over the incident under international maritime law. In its judgment of 3 October 2025, the Court declined
This research aims to ascertain appropriate international regimes'' sources on submarine cables and identify its fundamental principles and parameters. It will help in the development of a
Criminal jurisdiction over persons damaging submarine cables etc Alfred Soons NILOS, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
Essays Intentional Damage To Submarine Cable Systems By States Submarine fiber optic cables carry 99 percent of all transoceanic digital
Can I sue my telecommunications provider for damage to my property? Recently my internet provider supplied new fiber optic cable to upgrade service to my house as mandated by the
Modern subsea cables use optical fibre technology to transmit communications data literally at the speed of light. Close to shore subsea cables are thicker and strengthened with armour, but for most
Submarine cable operators are to comply with the legal and regulatory standards across the marine jurisdictions. The laying of submarine cable, particularly within States'' maritime
Furthermore, the transnational nature of submarine cables adds considerable complexity to the laws and their enforcement against willful or culpably negligent acts of damage.
To address this, NATO states should adopt or amend domestic laws to allow for negligent or willful damage to undersea cables, and advocate for an amendment to UNCLOS Article
It examines the deficiencies in the relevant international law across three dimensions: Jurisdiction, standards for establishing offenses, and liability for compensation.
This paper delves into the complex issues surrounding submarine cables, vital for global communication and data exchange. These issues include
Keywords: submarine cables, maritime security challenges, jurisdiction and legal issues, catastrophic consequences, rules and agreements, territorial waters control, global telecommunications.
legal framework governing the protection of undersea cables and transoceanic pipelines. Given the paramount importance of these assets to global communications, energy security, and international
This article proposes that the legal doctrine of constructive presence provides an international law remedy for suspicious activity involving the deliberate damage or destruction of
There are plenty of hazards to watch for when working on commercial and industrial networks. Fiber optic cable can seem safe; it doesn''t carry an electrical charge, and it''s not a heat
In this article, we reported fault cases of damage to optical fiber cables and proposed some countermeasures against such damage. The Technical
Submarine fiber optic cables carry 99 percent of all transoceanic digital communication. The 2022 attack on the Nord Stream pipeline and other recent
Summary: AT&T claimed damages for misrouted cables that caused service outages in a metropolitan area. Outcome: ICC tribunal found the subcontractor negligent in cable routing.
This article first focuses on the jurisdiction regarding damage to cross-border submarine cables and pipelines and artificial islands, installations and structures in the exclusive economic zone
establishment of State responsibility for acts of damage to submarine cables and pipelines by non-State actors. Each section is sub-divided into acts of damage to submarine cables
But what happens when one of these cables is damaged? In this post, we''ll take a closer look at submarine cable damage and repair, what
2 These "amphibious torts," which have been called the "cable cases," 3 are exemplified by The City of Singapore,4 a recent case in which the District Court for the Southern District of New York held that
Article 113 reflects the importance of submarine cables by placing an obligation on states to criminalize willful or negligent damage by flags or persons under their jurisdiction. Even the rules on innocent
This study analyzes the two main categories of perpetrators of willful or culpably negligent damage to submarine cables—states or state-sponsored
A ship conducting unauthorized bottom trawling or anchoring in a protected cable zone may damage fiber-optic cables, disrupting internet connectivity across continents.
Telecom operators (“telcos”) face continuous threat of malicious damage to their infrastructure, particularly aerial and underground optical fiber cables.
Claims that submarine cables are “installations and structures” in EEZ Aggressive interpretation (or no recognition) of “due regard” Environmental regulation, e.g., marine protected areas and regulation to
This question is addressed in Article 113 (UNCLOS), which obliges Signatories to establish jurisdiction over offences involving the intentional or negligent damage of submarine cables
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